> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://ayakaleaf-pro.ayaka.space/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://ayakaleaf-pro.ayaka.space/latex/zh-cn/latex-ji-chu/02-paragraphs-and-new-lines.md).

# 段落与换行

## 引言

本文介绍 *基础* LaTeX 段落格式设置，包括如何更改文本对齐方式。更详细的信息以及进一步的示例可参见相关文章 [文本对齐](/latex/zh-cn/ge-shi-hua/06-text-alignment.md) 和 [段落格式](/latex/zh-cn/ge-shi-hua/04-articles-how-to-change-paragraph-spacing-in-latex.md).

## 第一个示例

让我们从一个示例开始：通过将两个居中段落写在一个 `center` 环境中来排版。请注意，在它们之间插入空行就会开始一个新段落——虽然这是一种常用方法，但并不是开始新段落的唯一方式。

```latex
\begin{center}
示例 1：下面的段落（用引号给出）是一个
使用 center 环境进行居中对齐的示例。

``La\TeX{} is a document preparation system and document markup
language. \LaTeX{} uses the \TeX{} typesetting program for formatting
its output, and is itself written in the \TeX{} macro language.
\LaTeX{} is not the name of a particular (executable) typesetting program, but
refers to the suite of commands (\TeX{} macros) which form the markup
conventions used to typeset \LaTeX{} documents.\"
\end{center}
```

[在 Overleaf 中打开此示例](https://www.overleaf.com/docs?engine=pdflatex\&snip_name=Basic+paragraph+formatting\&snip=%5Cdocumentclass%7Barticle%7D%0A%25+Using+the+geometry+package+with+a+small%0A%25+page+size+to+create+the+article+graphic%0A%5Cusepackage%5Bpaperheight%3D6in%2C%0A+++paperwidth%3D5in%2C%0A+++top%3D10mm%2C%0A+++bottom%3D20mm%2C%0A+++left%3D10mm%2C%0A+++right%3D10mm%5D%7Bgeometry%7D%0A%5Cbegin%7Bdocument%7D%0A%5Cbegin%7Bcenter%7D%0AExample+1%3A+The+following+paragraph+%28given+in+quotes%29+is+an+%0Aexample+of+centred+alignment+using+the+center+environment.+%0A%0A%60%60La%5CTeX%7B%7D+is+a+document+preparation+system+and+document+markup+%0Alanguage.+%5CLaTeX%7B%7D+uses+the+%5CTeX%7B%7D+typesetting+program+for+formatting+%0Aits+output%2C+and+is+itself+written+in+the+%5CTeX%7B%7D+macro+language.+%0A%5CLaTeX%7B%7D+is+not+the+name+of+a+particular+%28executable%29+typesetting+program%2C+but+%0Arefers+to+the+suite+of+commands+%28%5CTeX%7B%7D+macros%29+which+form+the+markup+%0Aconventions+used+to+typeset+%5CLaTeX%7B%7D+documents.%22%0A%5Cend%7Bcenter%7D%0A%5Cend%7Bdocument%7D)

此示例生成如下输出：

![LaTeX 居中段落示例](/files/02f16718dc8910a8e9ea920472464684b59098fa)

## 开始新段落

如上所述，开始新段落的一种方法是插入空行，但下面的代码片段展示了一种替代方案，它使用 `\par` 命令：

```latex
这是第一段中的文本。
这是第一段中的文本。
This is text contained in the first paragraph.\par
这是第二段中的文本。
这是第二段中的文本。
这是第二段中的文本。
```

[在 Overleaf 中打开此示例](https://www.overleaf.com/docs?engine=pdflatex\&snip_name=Starting+a+new+paragraph\&snip=%5Cdocumentclass%7Barticle%7D%0A%25+Using+the+geometry+package+with+a+small%0A%25+page+size+to+create+the+article+graphic%0A%5Cusepackage%5Bpaperheight%3D6in%2C%0A+++paperwidth%3D5in%2C%0A+++top%3D10mm%2C%0A+++bottom%3D20mm%2C%0A+++left%3D10mm%2C%0A+++right%3D10mm%5D%7Bgeometry%7D%0A%5Cbegin%7Bdocument%7D%0AThis+is+text+contained+in+the+first+paragraph.+%0AThis+is+text+contained+in+the+first+paragraph.+%0AThis+is+text+contained+in+the+first+paragraph.%5Cpar%0AThis+is+text+contained+in+the+second+paragraph.+%0AThis+is+text+contained+in+the+second+paragraph.%0AThis+is+text+contained+in+the+second+paragraph.%0A%5Cend%7Bdocument%7D)

此示例生成如下输出：

![使用 \par 命令创建段落](/files/c1fe5977043d7448b60837995ad95fa11f6f285d)

## 段落对齐

默认情况下，LaTeX 中的段落是两端对齐的，也就是左右两边距都对齐。如果你想排版一个 *不对齐的* 段落，你可以使用 `flushleft` 或 `flushright` 环境。

### flushleft 和 flushright 环境

下一个示例演示在 `flushleft` 和 `flushright` 环境中排版段落——关于 `center` 环境的示例，请参见章节 [第一个示例](#a-first-example).

```latex
\section*{A paragraph typeset flush left}

\begin{flushleft}
La\TeX{} is a document preparation system and document markup
language. \LaTeX{} uses the \TeX{} typesetting program for formatting
its output, and is itself written in the \TeX{} macro language.
\LaTeX{} is not the name of a particular (executable) typesetting program, but
refers to the suite of commands (\TeX{} macros) which form the markup
conventions used to typeset \LaTeX{} documents.
\end{flushleft}

\section*{A paragraph typeset flush right}

\begin{flushright}
La\TeX{} is a document preparation system and document markup
language. \LaTeX{} uses the \TeX{} typesetting program for formatting
its output, and is itself written in the \TeX{} macro language.
\LaTeX{} is not the name of a particular (executable) typesetting program, but
refers to the suite of commands (\TeX{} macros) which form the markup
conventions used to typeset \LaTeX{} documents.
\end{flushright}
```

[在 Overleaf 中打开此示例](https://www.overleaf.com/docs?engine=pdflatex\&snip_name=Example+of+flushleft+and+flushright\&snip=%5Cdocumentclass%7Barticle%7D%0A%25+Using+the+geometry+package+with+a+small%0A%25+page+size+to+create+the+article+graphic%0A%5Cusepackage%5Bpaperheight%3D6in%2C%0A+++paperwidth%3D5in%2C%0A+++top%3D10mm%2C%0A+++bottom%3D20mm%2C%0A+++left%3D10mm%2C%0A+++right%3D10mm%5D%7Bgeometry%7D%0A%5Cbegin%7Bdocument%7D%0A%5Csection%2A%7BA+paragraph+typeset+flush+left%7D%0A%0A%5Cbegin%7Bflushleft%7D%0ALa%5CTeX%7B%7D+is+a+document+preparation+system+and+document+markup+%0Alanguage.+%5CLaTeX%7B%7D+uses+the+%5CTeX%7B%7D+typesetting+program+for+formatting+%0Aits+output%2C+and+is+itself+written+in+the+%5CTeX%7B%7D+macro+language.+%0A%5CLaTeX%7B%7D+is+not+the+name+of+a+particular+%28executable%29+typesetting+program%2C+but+%0Arefers+to+the+suite+of+commands+%28%5CTeX%7B%7D+macros%29+which+form+the+markup+%0Aconventions+used+to+typeset+%5CLaTeX%7B%7D+documents.%0A%5Cend%7Bflushleft%7D%0A%0A%5Csection%2A%7BA+paragraph+typeset+flush+right%7D%0A%0A%5Cbegin%7Bflushright%7D%0ALa%5CTeX%7B%7D+is+a+document+preparation+system+and+document+markup+%0Alanguage.+%5CLaTeX%7B%7D+uses+the+%5CTeX%7B%7D+typesetting+program+for+formatting+%0Aits+output%2C+and+is+itself+written+in+the+%5CTeX%7B%7D+macro+language.+%0A%5CLaTeX%7B%7D+is+not+the+name+of+a+particular+%28executable%29+typesetting+program%2C+but+%0Arefers+to+the+suite+of+commands+%28%5CTeX%7B%7D+macros%29+which+form+the+markup+%0Aconventions+used+to+typeset+%5CLaTeX%7B%7D+documents.%0A%5Cend%7Bflushright%7D%0A%5Cend%7Bdocument%7D)

此示例生成如下输出：

![LaTeX 的 flushleft 和 flushright 环境](/files/6686bbba1389ab06b4896765fb2c43bbda72f4ea)

### \raggedright and \raggedleft

使用诸如 `flushleft`, `flushright` 或 `center` 这类环境的另一种方法是所谓的“切换”命令：

* `\raggedright`，它是使用 `flushleft` 环境
* `\raggedleft`，它是使用 `flushright` 环境
* `\centering`，它是使用 `center` 环境

这些切换命令会从它们被插入的位置开始改变文本对齐方式，直到文档末尾——除非它们的效果被限制在一个组内，或者被另一个切换命令改变。

在下面的示例中， `\raggedright`, `\raggedleft` 和 `\centering` 的效果被局部化，因为它们是在由 `\begingroup ... \endgroup`创建的组内使用的。另外，请注意，在每种情况下，段落文本后面都跟着一个空行，然后在 `\endgroup` 命令之前，该命令会触发 LaTeX 对该段落进行排版，同时由 `\raggedright`, `\raggedleft` 和 `\centering` 所应用的设置仍然有效。

```latex
\section*{A fully justified  typeset paragraph}
\LaTeX{} is not the name of a particular (executable) typesetting program, but refers to the suite of commands (\TeX{} macros) which form the markup
conventions used to typeset \LaTeX{} documents.

\section*{A paragraph typeset using \texttt{\string\raggedright}}

\begingroup
\raggedright
\LaTeX{} is not the name of a particular (executable) typesetting program, but refers to the suite of commands (\TeX{} macros) which form the markup
conventions used to typeset \LaTeX{} documents.

\endgroup

\section*{A paragraph typeset using \texttt{\string\raggedleft}}

\begingroup
\raggedleft
\LaTeX{} is not the name of a particular (executable) typesetting program, but refers to the suite of commands (\TeX{} macros) which form the markup
conventions used to typeset \LaTeX{} documents.

\endgroup

\section*{A paragraph typeset using \texttt{\string\centering}}

\begingroup
\centering
\LaTeX{} is not the name of a particular (executable) typesetting program, but refers to the suite of commands (\TeX{} macros) which form the markup
conventions used to typeset \LaTeX{} documents.

\endgroup
```

[在 Overleaf 中打开此示例](https://www.overleaf.com/docs?engine=pdflatex\&snip_name=Non-justified+paragraph+formatting+options\&snip=%5Cdocumentclass%7Barticle%7D%0A%25+Using+the+geometry+package+with+a+small%0A%25+page+size+to+create+the+article+graphic%0A%5Cusepackage%5Bpaperheight%3D6in%2C%0A+++paperwidth%3D5in%2C%0A+++top%3D10mm%2C%0A+++bottom%3D20mm%2C%0A+++left%3D10mm%2C%0A+++right%3D10mm%5D%7Bgeometry%7D%0A%5Cbegin%7Bdocument%7D%0A%5Csection%2A%7BA+fully+justified++typeset+paragraph%7D+%0A%5CLaTeX%7B%7D+is+not+the+name+of+a+particular+%28executable%29+typesetting+program%2C+but+refers+to+the+suite+of+commands+%28%5CTeX%7B%7D+macros%29+which+form+the+markup+%0Aconventions+used+to+typeset+%5CLaTeX%7B%7D+documents.%0A%0A%5Csection%2A%7BA+paragraph+typeset+using+%5Ctexttt%7B%5Cstring%5Craggedright%7D%7D%0A%0A%5Cbegingroup%0A%5Craggedright+%0A%5CLaTeX%7B%7D+is+not+the+name+of+a+particular+%28executable%29+typesetting+program%2C+but+refers+to+the+suite+of+commands+%28%5CTeX%7B%7D+macros%29+which+form+the+markup+%0Aconventions+used+to+typeset+%5CLaTeX%7B%7D+documents.%0A%0A%5Cendgroup%0A%0A%5Csection%2A%7BA+paragraph+typeset+using+%5Ctexttt%7B%5Cstring%5Craggedleft%7D%7D%0A%0A%5Cbegingroup%0A%5Craggedleft+%0A%5CLaTeX%7B%7D+is+not+the+name+of+a+particular+%28executable%29+typesetting+program%2C+but+refers+to+the+suite+of+commands+%28%5CTeX%7B%7D+macros%29+which+form+the+markup+%0Aconventions+used+to+typeset+%5CLaTeX%7B%7D+documents.%0A%0A%5Cendgroup%0A%0A%5Csection%2A%7BA+paragraph+typeset+using+%5Ctexttt%7B%5Cstring%5Ccentering%7D%7D%0A%0A%5Cbegingroup%0A%5Ccentering+%0A%5CLaTeX%7B%7D+is+not+the+name+of+a+particular+%28executable%29+typesetting+program%2C+but+refers+to+the+suite+of+commands+%28%5CTeX%7B%7D+macros%29+which+form+the+markup+%0Aconventions+used+to+typeset+%5CLaTeX%7B%7D+documents.%0A%0A%5Cendgroup%0A%5Cend%7Bdocument%7D)

此示例生成如下输出：

![用于排版 LaTeX 段落的各种对齐选项](/files/ac5cf71c64fa2f36676871c2be84b059b21278da)

有关文本对齐的更详细信息和示例，请参见 [Overleaf 关于文本对齐的文章](/latex/zh-cn/ge-shi-hua/06-text-alignment.md) 其中还讨论了使用 [ragged2e LaTeX 宏包](https://ctan.org/pkg/ragged2e?lang=en) 来排版参差文本并配置断字。

## 段落缩进

默认情况下，新段落通常会缩进一定量，这个量由一个名为 `\parindent` 的参数控制，其值可以使用命令 `\setlength`；例如：

```latex
\setlength{\parindent}{20pt}
```

将 `\parindent` 设为 20pt。你可以通过将 `\parindent` 设为 0pt（或 0mm、0cm 等）来避免缩进，或者使用命令 `\noindent` 在段落开头。默认情况下，LaTeX 不会缩进文档章节中的第一段，如下例所示：

```latex
\setlength{\parindent}{20pt}

\section*{This is a section}
\textbf{First paragraph} of a section which, as you can see, is not indented. This is more text in the paragraph. This is more text in the paragraph.

\textbf{Second paragraph}. As you can see it is indented. This is more text in the paragraph. This is more text in the paragraph.

\noindent\textbf{Third paragraph}. This too is not indented due to use of \texttt{\string\noindent}. This is more text in the paragraph. This is more text in the paragraph.  The current value of \verb|\parindent| is \the\parindent. This is more text in the paragraph.
```

[在 Overleaf 中打开此示例](https://www.overleaf.com/docs?engine=pdflatex\&snip_name=Basic+paragraph+indentation\&snip=%5Cdocumentclass%7Barticle%7D%0A%25+Using+the+geometry+package+with+a+small%0A%25+page+size+to+create+the+article+graphic%0A%5Cusepackage%5Bpaperheight%3D6in%2C%0A+++paperwidth%3D5in%2C%0A+++top%3D10mm%2C%0A+++bottom%3D20mm%2C%0A+++left%3D10mm%2C%0A+++right%3D10mm%5D%7Bgeometry%7D%0A%5Cbegin%7Bdocument%7D%0A%5Csetlength%7B%5Cparindent%7D%7B20pt%7D%0A%0A%5Csection%2A%7BThis+is+a+section%7D%0A%5Ctextbf%7BFirst+paragraph%7D+of+a+section+which%2C+as+you+can+see%2C+is+not+indented.+This+is+more+text+in+the+paragraph.+This+is+more+text+in+the+paragraph.%0A%0A%5Ctextbf%7BSecond+paragraph%7D.+As+you+can+see+it+is+indented.+This+is+more+text+in+the+paragraph.+This+is+more+text+in+the+paragraph.+%0A%0A%5Cnoindent%5Ctextbf%7BThird+paragraph%7D.+This+too+is+not+indented+due+to+use+of+%5Ctexttt%7B%5Cstring%5Cnoindent%7D.+This+is+more+text+in+the+paragraph.+This+is+more+text+in+the+paragraph.++The+current+value+of+%5Cverb%7C%5Cparindent%7C+is+%5Cthe%5Cparindent.+This+is+more+text+in+the+paragraph.%0A%5Cend%7Bdocument%7D)

此示例生成如下输出：

![演示 LaTeX 段落缩进](/files/5143c30f16bbd82385aa1592e9ccf25964cbdfcc)

### 有关缩进相关命令的说明

段落缩进受以下三个命令控制或影响：

* `\parindent`：一个用于存储当前段落缩进大小的参数
* `\indent`：该命令的效果取决于它的使用位置：
  * 在水平模式中（在段落内或在一个 `\hbox`）或数学模式中，它会插入一个宽度为 `\parindent`
  * 在垂直模式中（在段落之间或在一个 `\vbox`）中，它会触发开始一个新的缩进段落
* `\noindent`：该命令的效果同样取决于它的使用位置：
  * 在垂直模式中（在段落之间或在一个 `\vbox`）中，它也会触发一个新的 *非缩进* 段落
  * 在水平模式中（在段落内或在一个 `\hbox`）或数学模式中，它不起作用：它会被忽略

下面的示例演示 `\indent`:

```latex
\documentclass{article}
% Using the geometry package with a small
% page size to create the article graphic
\usepackage[paperheight=6in,
   paperwidth=5in,
   top=10mm,
   bottom=20mm,
   left=10mm,
   right=10mm]{geometry}
\begin{document}
\noindent A new paragraph with some text, then an \verb|\indent|\indent command. Next, some inline math which also has an indent $y\indent x$. \verb|\indent| also works when used in an \verb|\hbox| such as \verb|\hbox{A\indent B}| which produces \hbox{A\indent B}.
\end{document}
```

[在 Overleaf 中打开此示例](https://www.overleaf.com/docs?engine=pdflatex\&snip_name=Example+of+the+%5Cindent+command\&snip=%5Cdocumentclass%7Barticle%7D%0A%25+Using+the+geometry+package+with+a+small%0A%25+page+size+to+create+the+article+graphic%0A%5Cusepackage%5Bpaperheight%3D6in%2C%0A+++paperwidth%3D5in%2C%0A+++top%3D10mm%2C%0A+++bottom%3D20mm%2C%0A+++left%3D10mm%2C%0A+++right%3D10mm%5D%7Bgeometry%7D%0A%5Cbegin%7Bdocument%7D%0A%5Cnoindent+A+new+paragraph+with+some+text%2C+then+an+%5Cverb%7C%5Cindent%7C%5Cindent+command.+Next%2C+some+inline+math+which+also+has+an+indent+%24y%5Cindent+x%24.+%5Cverb%7C%5Cindent%7C+also+works+when+used+in+an+%5Cverb%7C%5Chbox%7C+such+as+%5Cverb%7C%5Chbox%7BA%5Cindent+B%7D%7C+which+produces+%5Chbox%7BA%5Cindent+B%7D.%0A%5Cend%7Bdocument%7D)

此示例生成如下输出：

![演示 \indent 命令](/files/f6f8a5a893c1ec2e9f518eb347872ec20c02d65e)

## 延伸阅读

更多信息请查看

* [段落格式](/latex/zh-cn/ge-shi-hua/04-articles-how-to-change-paragraph-spacing-in-latex.md)
* [文本对齐](/latex/zh-cn/ge-shi-hua/06-text-alignment.md)
* [LaTeX 中的长度](/latex/zh-cn/ge-shi-hua/01-lengths-in-latex.md)
* [换行和空格](/latex/zh-cn/ge-shi-hua/05-line-breaks-and-blank-spaces.md)
* [列表](/latex/zh-cn/latex-ji-chu/04-lists.md)
* [粗体、斜体和下划线](/latex/zh-cn/latex-ji-chu/03-bold-italics-and-underlining.md)
* [LaTeX2ε 的不算太短的介绍](http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/)


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